Blink while driving on Highway 34 east of Greeley, Colorado, and you might miss the former Great Plains town of Dearfield.
Abandoned towns from the early 20th century are far from unique on this stretch of plains. Withered storefronts and collapsed false-front homes are common. Boom and bust economics and harsh weather made it tough for turn of the century settlers to succeed long-term.
Few ghost towns, however, have all the elements that make Dearfield’s story so compelling today: larger than life characters, struggles to live off the land, tales of racial integration at the height of the Jim Crow era.
Dearfield, Colorado
There’s not much left of the once-thriving town on Colorado’s eastern plains. The rundown gas station, partially collapsed lunch counter and former lodge are the only indications that a community even used to exist here.
The grass is crispy and straw-colored, whipped back and forth by relentless winds. The snow capped Rocky Mountains barely peek through the haze to the west.
Nearly a hundred years have passed since Dearfield’s streets were bustling with homesteaders. But it’s not the town’s layout or the structures here that make the place interesting. Instead, what makes Dearfield special is the people that lived here, says George Junne, professor of Africana Studies at the University of Northern Colorado, and the resident expert on Dearfield.
“It was the most successful, best known, African-American farming community in the United States at the time,” Junne says.
"It was the most successful, best known, African-American farming community in the United States at the time."
Starting in 1910, Dearfield began attracting hundreds of black homesteaders from across the South, Midwest and eastern portion of the Plains. They came to the town for opportunity. At its height in the early 1920s, 700 residents lived in town, with churches, a school, blacksmith shop, dance hall and a restaurant. And nearly all of the residents were black.
The community sustained itself on farming, taking advantage of the relatively wet years prior to the onset of Dust Bowl drought conditions in the 1930s. As such, they had bumper crops -- strawberries, squash, wheat -- for more than a decade.
Unlike many Colorado towns, Dearfield didn’t come to be during the large wave of westward expansion spurred by the passage of the the Homestead Act of 1862, but rather a later iteration. A series of homestead laws from 1862 to 1916 made land more available and accessible to families looking to farm.
“It pulled together primarily African-Americans who were interested in owning their own homes and their own farms, and that’s what pulled them to Dearfield,” Junne says.
The man behind the town
The community was the vision of its creator: Oliver T. Jackson, a successful black entrepreneur from Ohio. He started restaurants, ran the catering operation at Boulder’s Chautauqua Dining Hall, and acted as a messenger for a series of Colorado governors.
Jackson wanted a place where black people could take out loans, work the land and get ahead. And he saw promise in the patch of land that eventually became Dearfield.
“He was not shy about getting his name out there,” says Jay Trask, head of the University of Northern Colorado’s archives, which houses found letters from Jackson and other Dearfield ephemera.
“He had a vision. He had a really exciting vision,” Trask says. “And I think it was a vision shared by a lot of African-American folks in Denver. There was a desire to create an African-American community, an agricultural community, that would be their own community.”
Jackson was Dearfield’s biggest cheerleader. He championed its early successes in farm magazines, newspapers that served African-American readers, and to local and regional politicians.
While Jackson spent his time marketing the community and working in Denver, his wife, Minerva, acted as the town’s “judge, jury and executioner,” according to Junne. She ran the town’s day to day operations, and ran them tightly. “When she snapped her fingers you jumped,” Junne says.
In promotional pamphlets, Jackson touted the community’s rich soil and view of the mountains. Always on the lookout for newcomers to town, he made clear they were looking to grow. He never stopped thinking up new ways to make Dearfield succeed and fill its coffers, Junne says. Even Prohibition offered Jackson an opportunity.
“For a while this town was known as ‘Beerfield’ because he was bootlegging here,” Junne says. “He needed to make money to keep things going. The people all around here knew about it and they gave the nickname.”
Early signs of integration
Dearfield gained a foothold during an incredibly tense time in America.
Dearfield, along with other predominantly black towns like Nicodemus, Kansas, and Boley, Oklahoma, sprang up at the height of the Jim Crow era. An active Ku Klux Klan chapter started in Denver around the same time, which was eventually infiltrated by Dr. Joseph H.P. Westbrook, a Denver resident and early Dearfield booster.
Yet, Coloradans and other homesteaders on the plains didn’t see new black residents to the state only as a threat, either culturally or economically, Junne says. Despite rampant racism and and violence in parts of the country, Junne says Dearfield’s residents mostly found harmony with their neighbors.
"I think this whole thing about the solitary Westerner is a bit overdone because you had to rely on your neighbors."
“People had to work together. You had to work together, even if you didn’t like the person,” Junne says. “So I think this whole thing about the solitary Westerner is a bit overdone because you had to rely on your neighbors.”
Newspaper articles in nearby Greeley marveled at the work ethic of the new residents. Many black farmers would pick up extra work on the white-owned farms surrounding the town, Junne says. A black Dearfield farmer was one of the first in the region to purchase a newly redesigned mechanical reaper and would lend it out to white farmers in the area. The plains communities, white and black, developed an interdependence on each other.
In myriad ways post-Reconstruction African-Americans were marginalized and disenfranchised. Their votes suppressed or never counted. Schools were off-limits to black students. Violence against black communities was commonplace. And that’s part of why Dearfield gained its rosy reputation. Just the fact that it existed, and was largely successful, became a bright spot for black Americans.
While the town was certainly an agricultural experiment in testing out dryland farming techniques on Colorado’s plains, it quickly became a social experiment too. Early signs of integration were on display at the town’s dance hall.
Dearfield was home to Squire Brockman, a well-known black musician. He’d set up shop on Saturday nights to play fiddle and mandolin.
“The white people in the area would come out here and they would dance,” Junne says. At the time, black people and white people weren’t dancing as couples, “but they were on the same dance floor together.”
“So, again, you started to have the roots of integration because people respected each other,” Junne says. “They needed each other.”
An endangered landmark
For about 20 years, the town was a success. Then came the one-two punch of the Great Depression and the Dust Bowl.
In the early 1930s, the large thunderhead clouds that were so common before stopped materializing. Dearfield’s seasonal creeks dried up. So did its wells. The residents had not acquired water rights to properly irrigate fields, instead they relied on natural rainfall. Without rain, they couldn’t grow their crops.
By 1940, Dearfield was largely deserted. Its founder, O.T. Jackson stayed until his death in 1948. Many people moved to Denver’s Five Points neighborhood in search of work, or moved even further west. Just a few residents hung on. The last known full-time resident of Dearfield was Jackson’s niece, Jenny Jackson, who lived on-site until she died in 1973.
Today, a plaque sits outside the dilapidated lunch counter that tells the history of Dearfield. The town site’s ownership is a patchwork: some owned by a real estate developer, other plots owned by descendants of the original homesteaders, and parcels owned by Denver’s Black American West Museum.
Grant money over the years has allowed historians and anthropologists restore and protect the few buildings still standing, but Junne says it’s in serious danger of disappearing. There’s little money available to keep Dearfield’s structures from further succumbing to the harsh weather. In 1999 the town was listed as one of Colorado’s “Most Endangered Places.”
Still, even though the physical landmarks of Dearfield are in rough shape, its legacy remains intact, Junne says.
“It was a wonderful idea, a wonderful experiment, and the spinoffs are just as important,” he says.
Spinoffs like one of Colorado’s first integrated schools just down the road from Dearfield, and the dozens of other black farm communities on the plains that saw Dearfield’s success and tried to replicate it. Denver’s Five Points neighborhood owes some of its history to the early homesteaders at Dearfield.
That’s the legacy of Dearfield, Junne says. The town thrived for years during a period in American history that was fraught with racial tension and its residents were able to build a community from scratch at a time when that seemed impossible.
